Some of Freud's ideas resonate with the ideas put forward by Fichte (1762-1814). For example, the idea of claiming the unconscious as a fundamental principle of human existence, the source material, from which results the mind or theoretical position according to which the transition from unconsciousness to consciousness in man is accompanied by restriction of freedom associated with the imposition of various restrictions in order to preserve and sustain life. At the same time Fichte unconscious - it's free activity that creates inner and outer world of human activity as if inspired from within, for Freud, the unconscious is rooted in the natural human being for granted, but it has not, in fact, no relation to the construction of objective reality.
Reflections on the problem of the unconscious occupied an important place in many philosophical works of the XIX century. During this period, it was planned and carried out the coup against rationalism of the Enlightenment and German classical philosophy to the irrational understanding of human existence in the world.
One of the philosophers who defend irrationalist line of thought was Schopenhauer (1788-1860). In his major work "The World as Will and Idea" (1819) he advanced the doctrine that the beginning of all things is unconscious, "the world will", and the first act of consciousness - the view. In the will there is a source of spontaneous development, it is this unbridled and uncontrollable force that gives rise to the creation of all the realities of life. With regard to man's knowledge of the world, then, in understanding Schopenhauer, only through the submission of this world becomes accessible to human consciousness. Thus, the conscious, intellectual activity of man is only a side thing, not having any fundamental significance for the knowledge itself, because the mind can grasp only the phenomenon, and not the essence of what is happening. Everything is deterministic unconscious will.
Similar views are held, also by Nietzsche (1844-1900). Like Schopenhauer, he assumed that at the heart of the world is an unconscious will, giving rise to all things. On this basis, the unconscious in Nietzsche's philosophy made the basis of how take place cognitive processes, and all human activity. To explain all the manifestations of human activity, he introduces the concept of "will to power", treating it as natural, unconscious instinct of every human being. Consciousness is second and disappears, replaced by automatism. The philosophy of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche had a great influence on the formation of psychoanalysis. Many of the ideas of these philosophers is largely predetermined by the various psychoanalytic concepts. Of course, between Freud's psychoanalysis and the philosophy of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, there is no absolute identity. In contrast, in the understanding of the unconscious in between there are some differences. In Schopenhauer's unconscious is initially ontological: "the world will" - the root cause of all things. Nietzsche to a certain degree, shares this view, but focuses more attention on the consideration of the unconscious, how it functions in the depths of the human being. For Freud the unconscious is the same - is primarily and mainly a psychological thing, thinking about the subject only in relation to man. However, the arguments of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche on the primacy of the unconscious over the conscious and unconscious consideration as an important defining element of human life appealed to Freud, who put the whole problem in the center of psychoanalytic theory.
Of special note is the German philosopher and psychologist T. Lipps (1851-1914), who stated that unconscious processes are a special sphere of mind, requiring study. Considering the human psyche, Lipps proposed the idea according to which the major factor in mental life is unconscious of its manifestation, and, therefore, should focus on how to understand and discover the nature of the unconscious, to identify and explain the laws of its functioning.
In the period preceding the birth of psychoanalysis, Freud has repeatedly appealed to the work of Lips and, despite the fact that he tried to prove that the used concept of the unconscious does not coincide with that of his interpretation of what occurred in Lips, because the latter focused on the narrative aspect of this perspective, whereas in psychoanalysis examines the dynamic of the unconscious, the idea that the German philosopher had a marked influence on Freud.
Thus, even before Freud, many philosophers have addressed the problem of the unconscious and their ideas, no doubt, influenced the formation of the psychoanalytic theory of Freud and Freud, although often seen as a psychiatrist, his philosophical legacy should not be underestimated. Erich Fromm in his "Psychoanalysis and Religion", wrote: "... Freud is the last great representative of the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the first who showed its limitations. He dared to interrupt the song of triumph, who sang pure intellect, Freud showed that the most valuable intelligence of human and qualities of man himself is subject to the distorting effect of the passions "
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